The German invention of wood-block printing in the early 15th century significantly reduced the cost of production, which was further reduced in France in the 1480s by painting through stencils, a practice resulting in the distinctively simplified design of suitmarks technically designated French but now generally called international because of their worldwide popularity: pique, coeur, carreau, trèfle-known in English as spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs-which are symbolized below.Ĭost reductions further expanded the social appeal of card games and enhanced their inherent advantages over traditional indoor games. Cards gradually spread along the inland European trade routes during the 15th century as a favoured pastime of the upper classes. The account book of King Charles VI of France (now lost) is said to have noted a payment of 56 sols parisiens to Jacquemin Gringonneur for painting a deck of cards “pour le divertissement du roy” (“for the amusement of the king”). Like their originals, the first European cards were hand-painted, making them luxury goods for the rich. Playing cards first appeared in Europe in the 1370s, probably in Italy or Spain and certainly as imports or possessions of merchants from the Islamic Mamlūk dynasty centred in Egypt. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content.
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